Twitter

Twitter  is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, but unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through its website interface, through Short Message Service (SMS) or its mobile-device application software ("app").[15]  Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, and has more than 25 offices around the world.[16]  Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-Asian languages in November 2017.[17]

Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, launched in July of that year. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity. In 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day,[18]  and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day.[19] [20] [21] In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".[22] [23]  As of 2018, Twitter had more than 321 million monthly active users.[11]

Creation and initial reaction
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[24] [25]  The original project code name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[26]  inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter.[27]  The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".[28]  Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr".[3]  Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:

<p style="text-align:center;">...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just perfect. The definition was 'a short burst of inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's exactly what the product was.<sup id="cite_ref-29">[29]

<p style="text-align:center;">

The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees<sup id="cite_ref-30">[30]  and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-launch_12-1">[12]  In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets — including Odeo.com and Twitter.com — from the investors and shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-31">[31]  Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-32">[32]  Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-33">[33]  Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:

<p style="text-align:center;">With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc_34-0">[34]

<p style="text-align:center;">

The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-35">[35] <sup id="cite_ref-36">[36]  "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."<sup id="cite_ref-37">[37]  Reaction at the conference was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter was "absolutely ruling" SXSWi. Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter was "owning" the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-38">[38]  Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"<sup id="cite_ref-39">[39]

The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-40">[40]  By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 "tweetups", events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA. In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain from News Corp.'s Fox Audience Network as president of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-41">[41]

Growth
The company experienced rapid initial growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.<sup id="cite_ref-42">[42]  By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications.<sup id="cite_ref-43">[43]  As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-44">[44]  As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily.<sup id="cite_ref-45">[45]  As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazeniac_46-0">[46]

Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17,<sup id="cite_ref-47">[47]  and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second.<sup id="cite_ref-48">[48]  The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published.<sup id="cite_ref-49">[49]  When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-50">[50]  The current record as of August 3, 2013 was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie Castle in the Sky<sup id="cite_ref-51">[51]  (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie).<sup id="cite_ref-52">[52]

Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone. The application, now called "Twitter" and distributed free of charge, is the official Twitter client for the iPhone, iPad and Mac.<sup id="cite_ref-53">[53]

From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites including YouTube and Flickr, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-54">[54]

2011-2014
On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter".<sup id="cite_ref-55">[55]  However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.<sup id="cite_ref-56">[56] <sup id="cite_ref-57">[57]  On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of Facebook.<sup id="cite_ref-58">[58] <sup id="cite_ref-59">[59]  On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.<sup id="cite_ref-60">[60]  On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday while also announcing that it had 140 million users and 340 million tweets per day. The number of users was up 40% from their September 2011 number, which was said to have been at 100 million at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-61">[61]

In April 2012, Twitter announced that it was opening an office in Detroit, with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-62">[62]  Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-63">[63]  On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-64">[64] <sup id="cite_ref-65">[65]  On October 5, 2012, Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launched in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-66">[66] <sup id="cite_ref-67">[67]  Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six-second looping video clips on January 24, 2013. Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users' Twitter feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-68">[68]  Due to an influx of inappropriate content, it is now rated 17+ in Apple's[needs update]<sup id="cite_ref-69">[69]  app store.<sup id="cite_ref-70">[70]  On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users. Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-71">[71]

On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products.<sup id="cite_ref-72">[72]

On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.<sup id="cite_ref-73">[73]  On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,<sup id="cite_ref-74">[74]  followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-75">[75]  As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-76">[76]  On June 4, 2014, Twitter announced that it would acquire Namo Media, a technology firm specializing in "native advertising" for mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-77">[77]  On June 19, 2014, Twitter announced that it had reached an undisclosed deal to buy SnappyTV, a service that helps edit and share video from television broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-78">[78] <sup id="cite_ref-79">[79]  The company was helping broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically across social and via Twitter's Amplify program.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawers_80-0">[80]  In July 2014, Twitter announced that it intended to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed sum. CardSpring enabled retailers to offer online shoppers coupons that they could automatically sync to their credit cards in order to receive discounts when they shopped in physical stores.<sup id="cite_ref-81">[81]  On July 31, 2014, Twitter announced that it had acquired a small password-security startup called Mitro.<sup id="cite_ref-82">[82]  On October 29, 2014, Twitter announced a new partnership with IBM. The partnership was intended to help businesses use Twitter data to understand their customers, businesses and other trends.<sup id="cite_ref-83">[83] ​​​​​​​

2015 and slow growth
On February 11, 2015, Twitter announced that it had acquired Niche, an advertising network for social media stars, founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman.<sup id="cite_ref-84">[84]  The acquisition price was reportedly $50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-85">[85]  On March 13, 2015, Twitter announced its acquisition of Periscope, an app that allows live streaming of video.<sup id="cite_ref-86">[86]  In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed.<sup id="cite_ref-87">[87]  Twitter announced that it had acquired TellApart, a commerce ads tech firm, with $532 million stock.<sup id="cite_ref-88">[88] <sup id="cite_ref-89">[89]  Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,<sup id="cite_ref-90">[90]  Business Insider,<sup id="cite_ref-91">[91]  Marketing Land<sup id="cite_ref-92">[92]  and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-93">[93]  In June 2016, Twitter acquired an artificial intelligence startup called Magic Pony for $150 million.<sup id="cite_ref-94">[94] <sup id="cite_ref-95">[95]

Initial public offering (IPO)
On September 12, 2013, Twitter announced that it had filed papers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ahead of a planned stock market listing.<sup id="cite_ref-96">[96]  It revealed its prospectus in an 800-page filing.<sup id="cite_ref-97">[97]  Twitter planned to raise US$1 billion as the basis for its stock market debut.<sup id="cite_ref-98">[98]  The IPO filing states that "200,000,000+ monthly active users" access Twitter and "500,000,000+ tweets per day" are posted.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc_34-1">[34] <sup id="cite_ref-99">[99]  In an October 15, 2013 amendment to their SEC S-1 filing,<sup id="cite_ref-100">[100]  Twitter declared that they would list on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), quashing speculation that their stock would trade on the NASDAQ exchange. This decision was widely viewed to be a reaction to the botched initial public offering of Facebook.<sup id="cite_ref-101">[101]  On November 6, 2013, 70 million shares<sup id="cite_ref-102">[102]  were priced at US$26 and issued by lead underwriter Goldman Sachs.<sup id="cite_ref-103">[103]

On November 7, 2013, the first day of trading on the NYSE, Twitter shares opened at $26.00 and closed at US$44.90, giving the company a valuation of around US$31 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-104">[104]  The paperwork from show of November 7 that among the founders, Williams received a sum of US$2.56 billion and Dorsey received US$1.05 billion, while Costolo's payment was US$345 million.<sup id="cite_ref-105">[105]  On February 5, 2014, Twitter published its first results as a public company, showing a net loss of $511 million in the fourth quarter of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-106">[106]  On January 5, 2016, CEO Jack Dorsey commented on a report that Twitter planned to expand its character limit to 10,000 (private messages already had the longer limit as of July), requiring users to click to see anything beyond 140 characters. He said while Twitter would "never lose that feeling" of speed, users could do more with the text.<sup id="cite_ref-107">[107]

In September 2016, Twitter shares rose 20% after a report that it had received takeover approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc-salesforce-google_108-0">[108]  Potential buyers were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. Alphabet] (parent company of Google),<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc-salesforce-google_108-1">[108] Microsoft,<sup id="cite_ref-109">[109] <sup id="cite_ref-110">[110] <sup id="cite_ref-111">[111]  Salesforce.com,<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc-salesforce-google_108-2">[108] <sup id="cite_ref-tc-verizon_112-0">[112]  Verizon,<sup id="cite_ref-tc-verizon_112-1">[112]  and The Walt Disney Company.<sup id="cite_ref-113">[113] <sup id="cite_ref-114">[114]  Twitter's board of directors were open to a deal, which could have come by the end of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc-salesforce-google_108-3">[108] <sup id="cite_ref-115">[115]  However, no deal was made, with reports in October stating that all the potential buyers dropped out partly due to concerns over abuse and harassment on the service.<sup id="cite_ref-116">[116] <sup id="cite_ref-117">[117] <sup id="cite_ref-118">[118]  In June 2017, Twitter revamped its dashboard to improve the new user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-119">[119] <sup id="cite_ref-120">[120]